Social Stratification

Social mobility is the movement of opportunities or movement between different social classes or occupational groups. Social mobility is usually influence d by the family in relation to early childhood and home environment, education/ child-care and inherited characteristics. During Early childhood development health development becomes vital as it becomes component to later social mobility. Factors like divorce can negatively impact the social mobility of

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a child (Heath, 1981).

The employment experiences of parents can also affect social mobility. inconsistent employment such as being unemployed and then transferring into a low paying job affects a child’s future and unfortunately parents  are unable to give their child the education they need to develop strong social mobility skills, as the child grows he or she experiences  similar insecurities about professional employment. The child will most likely have little to no higher education, thus follow their parents footstep of being in a lower income bracket (Macionis, 2004).

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Health too plays a major role in social mobility in everyone from all backgrounds; however, when one recovers from the illness there is likelihood to resume his or her social mobility. Unfortunately, there are illnesses that are not as easy to detect and cure like such as Mental illnesses that directly affect not only sociable mobility, but interpersonal communication skills (Heath, 1981).

Lastly geographical location due to Ineffective public transportation can contribute to a person not being able to get an appropriate occupation that best fits their skills; as a result this   hinders one’s ability to improve social mobility in the workplace. Low-scoring schools within low income school districts will hinder children from having the social mobility to go through college in comparison to a middle to upper-class child whose had the proper education to freely with no hindrance to socialize comfortably (Albrow, 1999).

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Qn.  2

Structural- functionalists approach best explains social stratification. Structural functionalists argue that social inequality plays an important role in the smooth operation of society. The Davis-Moore thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society (Jackson, 1968). Davis and Moore argue that the most difficult jobs in any society are the most necessary and require the highest rewards and compensation to sufficiently motivate individuals to fill them. Certain jobs, like mowing grass or cleaning toilets, can be performed by almost anyone, while other jobs, such as performing brain surgery, are difficult and require the most talented people to perform them.

In order to lure the most talented people away from less-important work, a society must offer those people rewards and incentives. Davis and Moore further claim that any society can be equal, but only to the extent that people are willing to let anyone perform any job. This would also require that even those who do their job poorly are rewarded equally. What would be the incentive for people to do their best if everyone was rewarded equally (Macionis, 2004)?

Social conflict theorists disagree that social stratification is functional for a society. Instead, they argue that social stratification benefits some at the expense of others. This makes social conflict approach not to be the best in explaining social stratification.

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Qn. 3

Yes  

A minority group can be considered to be numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a region or state, in a non-dominant position, whose members--being nationals of the state, possess ethnic, religious, or linguistic characteristics distinguishing them from the rest of the population. Typically, members of a minority group share a sense of solidarity and a desire to preserve their culture, traditions, religion, or language. A minority group can sometimes be a numerical majority in a minority group position. Minority group status is not a matter of numbers; it is determined by the presence of distinguishing features such as discrimination or racism. Racism can be viewed as "the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races (Miles, 1989):

For instance English empire in India held racist attitudes towards the Indians who were the native’s .The whites formed the minority group but they certainly considered themselves more superior to the natives Indians who were the majority group. Therefore, the whites despite being the minorities, they were racist (Miles, 1989).

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Qn 4.  

 Social class  as in a class society, is a set of concepts in the social science and political theory  centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle, and lower classes. The upper class is considered to hold more power in the society while lower classes are considered to have the least powers in the society. Upper class is composed of those who are rich, well-born, or both. In some countries, wealth alone is sufficient to allow entry into the upper class. In others, only people who are born or marry into certain aristocratic bloodlines are considered members of the upper class, and those who gain great wealth through commercial activity are looked down upon by the "old rich (Jackson, 1968) (Albrow, 1999). Lower classes are those employed in low-paying wage jobs with very little economic security. The working class is sometimes separated into those who are employed but lacking financial security, and an underclass—those who are long-term unemployed and/or homeless, especially those receiving welfare from the state. The latter is analogous to the Marxist term "lumpenproletariatthe situation However has changed over time as some members of the lower class have risen to join the members of the upper class. In future it can be projected that more and more of lower class members will raise up the ladders to join the group of upper class members (Macionis, 2004).

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 In social science, gender is a social construction indicating the difference in roles and relations between men and women given by society and it is changeable. Gender roles are learned behavior which is given by society, community and other social groups. Men are considered to hold more power in society while women are considered to hold the least powers. This has lead to a problem of gender inequality in society. Gender inequality means differences in status, power and prestige women and men have in groups, collectivities and societies. While culturally and historically-bound, gender commonly is a function of power relations and the social organizations of inequality. The problem of gender inequality has decreased over time and more women have risen to enjoy almost same powers as their male counterparts. In future gender equality will be achieved as more women become aware of their rights in the society.

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The race of an individual is geographical and historically contingent. An individual can move from one location to the other and thus change his or her race as ascribed in the society. While different races across the world get attributed differently in their political power superiority in social and levels of civilization. I took a look at two races in the United States. The whites in the United States of America have a high social status when one considers the fact that the United States of America political and economic structure was designed by white people to serve the white people. The blacks usually are attributed with less power by the fact that they are not the originals of the region and thus are viewed as those of lower social status. Over time the blacks have fought for their rights to be recognized both politically as well as economically in the states of America while at the same time getting support to uphold their equality with other citizens by international conventions on human rights. With the ever increasing fight for freedom and democracy the power of all races will be equaled in the long run to reduce social disparities (Albrow, 1999) (Macionis, 2004).

REFERENCES

Albrow, M. (1999). sociology the basics. new york: Routledge.

Heath, A. F. (1981). social mobility. london: fontana.

Jackson, J. A. (1968). social stratification. london: cambridge u.p.

Macionis, J. J. (2004). society: the basics. upper saddle river: prentice hall.

Miles, R. (1989). Racism. new york: Routledge.
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