Tuesday, 16 August 2016

How penicillin Kills bacteria, Bacterial mutation and resistance

 In the story told by Robert crouch, Ryland, in   1928 alexander Fleming grows staphylococcus bacteria in a plate, the Bacteria lives on skin. He identifies the bacteria to be cultured successfully in a warm and dump areas where it multiplies fast in his culturing plate. However he identifies the bacteria as harmless.  The bacteria Loves warm and dump areas in the body of human.  When the bacteria Gets in cut or scratch and becomes potentially deadly.
 Flemings finds little Bactria on top of staphylococcus bacteria he had cultured in a plate. He finds Dead cells; therefore he is keen that something kills the bacteria. He identifies that Natural mould expressing a compound called penicillin blows across the window and kills the staphylococcus bacteria and he therefore searches for the compound responsible for killing the bacteria. He later identifies the compound as penicillin.
It is later proved that Infectious diseases that have been killing people are killed by penicillin compound which comes from a mould (Meger). In 1944 Fleming finds penicillin to save lives.
Stanford researcher finds five different bacteria strains that don’t die to penicillin.  Through research they identify that these bacteria create resistance. In 1957 scientists search for a better drug like penicillin, they later get methicillin in 1960 that works for eleven months only. Streptomycin was discovered in 1943 only to fail years later. In 1961   a new antibiotic called ampicillin is discovered only for bacteria to create resistance in 1963. Companies realize it’s ineffective to make antibiotics but rather create better drugs which bacteria don’t create resistance (Grabenstein).
Researchers Identify A lump in the eye due to smoke caused by staphylococcus aureaus bacteria. They later culture the same bacteria and weaken it and later apply it in the eye. The liquid applied to person’s eye, a Collagen jelly that bears somehow deactivated bacteria then placed in active bacteria and thus kills 99.99% of bacteria. This was now a Vaccine that ensured that 99.99% bacteria dead. They find that Resistance declines when a drug is taken out of circulation (Meger)

References
Grabenstein, JD. Immuno Facts: vaccines and immunologic drugs. new york: walters kluwer, 2006.
Meger, S. "Discovery Of Penicillin." Antibiotic Resistance monday August 12011: 86.
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