Pharmacology

HNN215 medical case study

Pharmacology is a field of medicine concerned with drugs and their action on the body. It involves natural or man-made drugs where a desired chemical molecule is involved in the healing process. As such it may include the action of the body itself to synthesize cells which act on pathogens, rectify a body condition or act to rectify abnormal morphological conditions (Wettrell, 1976).  The action of chemical and biochemical attributes to the sole interactions drugs have in our body’s s and so is the whole analogy of treating a patient to a specific drug. It will however be noted that drug action is a complex biological action that cannot be attributed entirely to chemical but the whole action of the body and organs (Halliday, 2010).

The drug composition in the treatment of a patient involves more than a single chemical which may act concurrently but under different targets. The way drugs are utilized in our bodies encompasses a series of interaction s that lead to breakdown of drug into specific chemicals that are synthesized in cellular targets (Wettrell, 1976). Cellular communication is a key property among a living body that ensures diagnosis is successful while at the same time affects the reaction and contraindications of a body to any drug (Nilsson, Piccini, & Service., 2006). Chemicals have a wide array of use in biology however in this article, the chemicals with biological receptors are important to healing and any chemical diagnosis applied to a tissue.
The field of pharmacology traces from history where humans have used hers to treat diseases and conditions without knowing the active compounds involved in the process. In today’s world, the understanding of drugs is deeply understood on the active components that take process in the active sites to subdue pathogens and activate some biological processes (Chatterjee & Topol, 2013). Molecular biology field is keen in disease therapy through taking into account the biological processes and their interaction with chemicals at the cellular and higher levels of biological understanding.
Ethno pharmacology deals with the understanding of the interactions between drugs and the mind and body and as a result the study establishes means to diagnose conditions which can be understood through the manifestation of physical attributes.  The behavior of drugs is well understood from the actions of neurons to transmit signals to target organs that respond differently thus enabling one to diagnose a condition or disease from physical symptoms such as fever, enlargement and inflammation of organs (Kenny, 2005). However it may be understood in neurology, pain is interpreted in most biological abnormalities and is an easy way to detect a condition that affects the body. Humans utilize neurons in stimuli but the ability of neurons to give symptoms to the diagnosis of a person has proven a reliable signal since time immemorial.
Animal behavior under drugs is well understood in ethno pharmacology; however the real action of drugs and their mechanism is a key field of study in ethopharmacology. The absorption and utilization of drugs is modeled through the understanding of single-nucleotide polymorphisms where the drug and drug interactions give the medical practitioner the understanding of diagnosis (Halliday, 2010) (Chatterjee & Topol, 2013). It may be noted that many cases of drug toxicity are caused by misguided combination of drugs resulting from a low point of understanding the interaction among drugs.
Today, the study of diagnosis of illness and other conditions has seen a correlation with the environment leading to a study in the field of environmental pharmacology (Chatterjee & Topol, 2013). The study of genetic material in animal has proven that a reliable interaction between the environment and the genetic make up of an animal exists.
The use of drugs is guided under the requirements to diagnose a disease or condition with a drug that is only effective to the target and only a drug that is meant to perform optimally on the given conditions given an upper hand. As such any medical practitioner takes into account that understanding of the drugs and a deep insight into the potential effects that may arise as a result of diagnosing a patient with the wrong drug. Secondly the drug being administered must meet safety criteria which should be understood by medical practitioner who undertake to offer such services. All drugs considered for human consumption must meet the criteria of testing under controlled experimentation with animal and human species (Nilsson, Piccini, & Service., 2006) (Kenny, 2005).
The diagnosis of this case is the prescription of a pharmacology drug like digoxin. This will involve the use of drug that will increase the contraction power of the muscle and for so it is to aid in the contraction of the heart muscles.  This involves the drug enzymatic action to inhibit the action of enzyme (ATPase). This action is responsible for the inhibition of transfer of calcium, sodium and potassium mainly in the heart muscle in the tissue matrix. However in this case the action of the calcium is responsible for the contraction forces (Kenny, 2005).
The action of digoxin is understood from the action of these chemical s found in its composition. Most notably being the interaction of sodium and potassium ATPase enzyme which is commonly referred as the sodium pump.  The intracellular milieu that are always actively moving such components  will under the action of this enzyme maintain a regular pumping of potassium ions into cells and the pumping of sodium ions out of cells (Gheorghiade & Symposium Management of Heart Failure in the 1990s, 1992). The action of digoxin in diagnosing this case starts with the pumping of calcium inside the cells. An increase in intracellular calcium into Theo myocardium will eventually lead to entry in the cellular conduction system. This result in a condition where there is increased inotropy and these results in the overall reduction in the rate of conduction within the cellular matrix. A reduction in conduction velocity within the cell will occur automatically under the action of digoxin.

The next action of digoxin aims at affecting the nodes within the body. The Sino atrial nodes and the atrio-ventricular nodes are affected indirectly as a result of parasympathetic stimulation which is known to occur in the region of autonomic nervous system. This is followed by a reduction in the uptake of the chemical catecholamine at the nerve intervals. Generally this has the effect of making the circulatory system have an increased sensitivity (Nilsson, Piccini, & Service., 2006). The blood vessels in the body thus as a result of the action of digoxin become hyperactive to exogenous and endogenous catecholamines.
As a result of the action of exogenic and endogenic catecholamine’s the baroreceptor sensitization is highly boosted and as this action is being processed in the cellular matrix, there is an increase in the activity in the carotid sinus nerve. This is the ultimate goal of the digoxin thus aiming to cause a withdrawal from any increase in the mean arterial pressure.
The action of digoxin at higher levels will be noted for its action to increase the potassium levels in the serum fluid in many tissues and organs. This is due to its effect to allow an increased and progressive intracellular potassium efflux.
The use of these drugs will result in the effect of ejection of left ventricular and as a result the reduction in the pressure for end diastolic and end systolic magnitudes. The lanoxin chemical within the drug will cause an increase in the PR interval and as a result the ST segment may be depressed (Halliday, 2010).
The cation of digoxin in a patient usually is absorbed within three hours of uptake and an absorption rate of 60% to 80% is realized in many cases (Wettrell, 1976). The action of digoxin that is orally admitted may be boosted through the administration of antibiotics to inhibit that action of bacterial within the colon that usually degrade the drug to simpler compounds which are inactive such as the dihidrodigoxin. In this case the subject’s use of Amiodarone is effective in treatment of cardiac cases. However the optimality of drug action is well understood and appreciated when contraindications and the rate of success is factored in (Chatterjee & Topol, 2013) (Nilsson, Piccini, & Service., 2006). the use of Amiodarone has more side effect with the effect on lungs being majorly a factor of considerations in any case under prescription. The results include effects on the pulmonary vessels and an increase in the chances of some individuals to develop pulmonary fibrosis. This effect has an overall effect to reduce the functionality of the lungs when used for a prolonged time.
To sum up, this case can be mitigated without the use of drugs by the ultimate check on the diet of the patient. As such the consumption of cholesterol is to be checked, this reduces fat buildup thus maintaining a wide arteries and veins hence reducing the strain of blood to move within the vessels.  This would involve dieting and considerations in the diet that a person takes. The next process would be to maintain activity so as to reduce fat content and body weight. This works well especially to patients that are managing such a situation thus enabling them to keep the condition in check.

References
Chatterjee, K., & Topol, E. J. (2013). Cardiac drugs. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
Gheorghiade, M., & Symposium Management of Heart Failure in the 1990s, a. R. (1992). A Symposium: Management of Heart Failure in the 1990s: a Reassessment of the Role of Digoxin Therapy : this symposium was held on July 27-28, 1991, in New York, New York. Newton: Mass. : Cahner.
Halliday, J. T. (2010). Cardiac rehabilitation. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Kenny, T. (2005). The nuts and bolts of cardiac pacing. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Futura,.
Nilsson, K. R., Piccini, J., & Service., J. H. (2006). The Osler medical handbook. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
Wettrell, G. (1976). Digoxin therapy in infants : a clinical pharmacokinetic study. lund: lund publishers.