The engineering behind graphene

Graphene

Introduction

The fascination with Graphene is its extreme strength properties coupled with potential applications to the future world. Pati et al notes that graphene is a fundamental carbon condensed matter that holds the future of physics not only in research but in application world, he notes that graphene is highly conductive with electron mobility  of 15000cm^2/vs. at room temperatures (Kar, Rana, & Pandey, 2015). He notes the carbon based grapheme commonly known as carbon nanotubes holds the future trends in post silicon electronics and in spintronics electronic devices. He notes that carbon nanotubes are made from grapheme of which graphite, carbon and fullerene are members (Liu, 2014) (Pati, Enoki, & Rao, 2011). He points that the magnetic and physical properties are majorly due to their geometric structures. he notes that electrical conductivity of grapheme is superb and holds key developments in research for alternatives to super conductors and semiconductors.

Stanislav identifies graphene as a two dimensional structure when a thin slice of one atom layer is established as a wafer.  He points that the properties of grapheme are vast and are still yet to be discovered more of what can be achieved to further technological developments (Aliofkhazraei, Ali, Milne, Ozkan, Mitura, & Gervasoni, 2016). Condensed matter physics elaborates such properties identified in grapheme to be historical; however advances in chemistry and physics to find practical applications remain vast with constraint being on ways to easily manufacture grapheme. He notes that vander-waal forces in Graphene are unusual and usually the molecule obeys the inverse cubic power lay when in a single atom layer. By using a Graphene field effect transistor, the band gap properties can be tuned to 5micrometer wavelength when in applied voltage state (Lu, 2012) (Mukhopadhyay & Gupta, 2013).
Zhou et al presents the fundamental properties of grapheme noting that a wide array of applications with those of power applications hold the future of grapheme application. Zhou is keen to note that lithium ion cells, manufacture of efficient fuel cells, super capacitors, solar cells and other industrial applications are geared to a revolution owing to the versatile properties of grapheme (Rao & Sood, 2013). He finds that lithium air and sulphur batteries are grapheme applications that hold much success in near future and thus are presently in intense synthesis methods. He notes that electrons passing through grapheme honeycomb lattice usually lose their mass and as a result producing quasi particles (Thakur & Thakur, 2015). They thus propagate in single atom layers and usually they will be highly affected by superconductors, proximity to dielectrics and ferromagnetic materials (Kar, Rana, & Pandey, 2015) (Technologies, 2014). Graphene is able to conduct charge carriers in sub micrometer distances without scattering a phenomenon called ballistic transport. Its notable that electrons within Graphene lack any mass.
C N Rao et al notes that grapheme is a fascinating molecule in the field of science. He discusses in-depth synthesis of single layered and multilayered grapheme molecules and their electrical properties in solar cell application. He notes that hole doping of grapheme to achieve desired properties is a less understood field and thus optical phonon mixing is a key to multilayer and bilayer grapheme (Pati, Enoki, & Rao, 2011) (Donaldson, 2012). He finds through Raman spectroscopy that grapheme has no disorder under strain and suffers charge inhomogeneity in a p-n junction in a modeled FET channel. Kamal et al discusses the functionality of carbon nanotubes in conjunction to polyurethane Nano composites and identifies Graphene as a key player in the catalysis of cathodes and establishes that Graphene easily blends to a multiwall with polyamide6 copolymers (Kar, Rana, & Pandey, 2015) (Mukhopadhyay & Gupta, 2013). He finds that soluble contents of grapheme can be produced in a laboratory through treating microcrystalline structure with nitric acid and sulfuric acid (Kar, Rana, & Pandey, 2015). Graphene can be produced by peeling a thin layer of one atom thick using a tape. Since Graphene can occur as a two dimensional its possible to be applied in detection of gas molecules and microbes too. A study in china proved that Graphene can be used in hygienic products due to its ability to kill E Coli bacteria.
Rakesh et al Finds Graphene as an allotrope of carbon that is in the forefront of scientific curiosity. Grapheme deforms plastically at 5% strain but however makes perfect reinforcement fibers for composites (Mukhopadhyay & Gupta, 2013). Thakur et al is keen to note that nanocomposites of carbon with reference to Graphene have various electrical properties that fit them for various applications. He finds multifunctional carbon nanotubes to be a better molecule of key research towards compressing transistors in integrated circuits and offers vast ways to establish Graphene wafers (Thakur & Thakur, 2015). He finds that the properties of grapheme can be improved through wrinkling it on a polymer; it thus becomes imparted with water repelling properties becoming super hydrophobic a fact that researchers believe can be used to create self-cleaning surfaces. This property increases its electrochemical properties enabling it to be more usable in fuel cell applications (Technologies, 2014). Gyu-Chul Yi presents the vast processes for fabricating optoelectronic devices using Graphene molecule.  He notes that Graphene will soon find greatest applications in fabrication of nanotubes, nanowires, hybrid semiconductor nanostructures, Nano rods, in visible light emitters for wide band gap nanostructures and Nano photonic applications. The optical response of grapheme can be tuned electrically by applying voltage at dual gates where saturable absorption occurs at Terahertz band (Yi, 2012).
Sankaran establishes that grapheme can be established through Nano scale etching and deposition; he finds that through chemical vapor deposition of carbon materials it’s easy to come up with catalytic growth of one-dimensional nanostructures. Grapheme is viewed as a possible replacement for silicon in semiconductor technologies (Sankaran, 2012) (Jiang, 2013). Multiwalled nanotube structures attain tensile strength of 63Gpa and with a specific strength as much as 48000kNm/kg due to covalent bonding within the atoms being the strongest material ever to be tested (Koratkar, 2013). He notes that grapheme has a low resistance making it suitable for establishing solar power technologies. A 3d version of grapheme usually has a thermal conductivity of basal plane of over 1000W/m/k similar to the properties of diamond (Lu, 2012).



References
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