Annotated bibliography for trends in economics of politics

Aaron Wildavsky. 1966. The Political Economy of Efficiency: Cost-Benefit Analysis, Systems Analysis, and Program Budgeting. Public Administration Review 26(4): 292-310.
In his article, Aaron looked at the role of politics in economic. The role of politics in a country can affect the countrys economy by either boosting it or making it worse depending with the direction it takes. In his article, he focused on the impact and the indicators which one can use to understand the expected results in the long run.

Efficiency has also been attributed with the movements in which they can understand the ideas lying behind it. In his work he further tries to show the correlation of economics and the share they play in the economic position while contrasting it with the role played by the politicians in improving the efficiency.
He further looks at the evolution which has taken place over time. This means things have changed from what they were able to understand to a complicated position where one can explain what has happened. In this case he shows the trend moving to fissionable performance to unpredictable state.
In his article, he shows the need for efficiency in order to reduce the operation cost and improve on their efficiency. These objectives are derived to help attain the expected results which make the countrys economy into a more desirable position with more efficiency. He shows the boundaries which should be done to make the situation better.


Allen Schick. 1966. The Road to PPB: The Stages of Budget Reform. Public Administration Review 26(4): 243-258
In most cases, budgeting takes the wrong procedure which leads to misconception of the good budgeting procedures. Financial reporting procedures are discussed in this article to make sure they manage their resource efficiently. This article shows what measures need to be put in place to embrace equitable distribution of their resources. This article is consistence with the utilization of the national resources which embrace development of parts of the country.
Budget reforms are essential in any country as they are aimed at rectifying the in efficiencies which lead to misuse of the countries resources and other drawbacks. His article plays a vital role in showing the stages which needs to be used to make sure the right budget is used to put it in place.
Hal G. Rainey, Robert W. Backoff, and Charles H. Levine. 1976. Comparing Public and Private Organizations. Public Administration Review 36(2): 233-244.
Public and private sectors have for long been a ground for comparison. When you look at the differences they create it helps make a difference on the administrative strategies employed. Different parties have tried to make a comparison on the two bodies. Its important to make sure they are looked at keenly to make sure one can understand where to institute changes and make it better and more effective.
Looking at this article composed by these authors they were trying to make a comparison of the two so that they can tell which one of the two governances is better and where they need to make changes so that they can be much better. This comparison plays a vital role in boosting and improving public administration practices as they are poor as compared to each other. Private are known to be better but they can help in make it better than the other one.
Herbert Kaufman. 1969. Administrative Decentralization and Political Power. Public Administration Review 29(1): 3-15.
Power has been centralized for several decades. According to Herbert, he shows the reasons as to the governments and other state institution should embrace decentralization if power to help in boosting development of public organs. Dispensing public services needs to be distributed across the spectrum and not to stick on one side alone. This move will help in boosting their development and improve on the public administration processes.
Political power should be spread across the county and that is what makes the difference between good governance and poor governance. If power is distributed across the boundaries it will help in boosting the state of governance. Public administration calls for good controls to make it effective. The article covers more of decentralization of power.
Joseph S. Wholey, and Harry P. Hatry. 1992. The Case for Performance Monitoring. Public Administration Review 52(6): 604-610
Monitoring helps in boosting the quality of services. In this case, public sector requires to be monitored at all times to make it better and effective. Looking at the josephs and Harrys ideas they were trying to evaluate the nature of operations and that make sure they meet the intended results. Monitoring of public services is more influential than any other as it shows exactly what they are.
Public administration is a huge field which needs to be put into consideration and proper consideration to make it effective and improve on their services. By identifying these differences, one can make sure they are in a position of seeing the differences and make the necessary changes which would increase their performance and attain the best results as possible in public administration.

Stephen K. Bailey. 1964. Ethics and the Public Service. Public Administration Review 24(4): 234-243.
As it happens in other areas, ethics are required to be followed when it comes to public service. Stephen in his article puts emphasis on the needs for adhering to the ethical standards to make sure they meet the required results in both short and long run.
According to his beliefs, he devised a normative model which lays more emphasis on personal ethics as he believes failure of personal ethics goes further to spread to the public domains hence affecting the overall performance of the public services. The administrative pattern goes further to take effect if the standards are followed well. He looks at several connotations perceived by the prominent scholars. He believes that the greatest failure originates with the imperfection of arrangements within institutions.




Martin Landau. 1969. Redundancy, Rationality, and the Problem of Duplication and Overlap. Public Administration Revew 29(4): 346-358.
Public administration is associated with redundancy, rationality and duplication of certain services. In this case, this article looks at these positions in a manner that they affect the functioning of the public work. Martin looked at the inefficiencies which were taking place in government and they needed to be corrected to improve their performance and make better use of the available resources.
Some state functions dont operate but when you look at the budget estimates they are financed for. Moreover, some functions are duplicated while they could be effected from one point instead of having multiple stages. These are effective in the dispensing of the state functions. In this case, the government needs to have a clear picture of their roles which they need to manage and make their administrative functions more efficient and useful to their people.
Nicholas Henry. 1975. Paradigms of Public Administration. Public Administration Review 35(4): 378-386.
Public administration calls for different models, patterns or styles to be used to make sure they get to the bottom of the matter. Nicholas identifies the trends in management which should be put in place to help them in realizing the challenges. With these models they will be able to know where to use which style and to make sure they meet the intended results.
These moves leads to initialization of the options which make sure they get the standards which help in changing the steps which make sure the challenges arising in the governance and they make sure they attain the intended motive in administration of services. This article looks at the style which will lead to the best performance of the state organs and aid in boosting public administration services.

Theodore J. Lowi. 1972. Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice. Public Administration Review 32(4): 298.310.
Theodore looks at the possible alignments which can be put in place to boost their performance and understanding of the public administration processes. Public administration involves different alignments which help in making things better and realizable in return. These systems play a crucial role in helping attain the intended objectives in the long-run. The four systems are used to make sure they meet the intended requirement. In his ideas he realized the need to put these measures in place and make sure they are properly vouched.
Governance structure should always be protected at all times to make sure they are doing the right thongs at all times. In this case, the administrator needs to know the four systems and what they are capable of doing.

Vincent O. and Elinor O. 1971. Public Choice: A Different Approach to the Study of Public Administration. Public Administration Review 31(2): 203-216
Public services need to be selected in accordance with the priorities they have on the basis of their benefits. Its essential noting that the spread of services needs to be looked at keenly so that a selection is made according to their merits. Vincent and Elinor discovered the need for selection of the public services so that they can have the most gain as possible.
In order to get to the most effective, they discovered that, they need to make sure they are in the forefront of understanding the most essential services which they need to fulfill so that they can make it work better for them all. Public administration services require to administered with due diligence to help them realize the ultimate goals.
The article covers the different approaches which can help them attain their intended goals. The movement of the services is based on the selection they have. Therefore, its recommended to use different approaches which improve on their overall performance and development of the services and improve on their quality.