Glossary of German Nazism and Italian Fascism

German Nazism Glossary
An independent financial system; Hitler is the brain behind this revolution. When he seizes power, the treasury is empty. Most of German wealth is in the hands of Jewish owned banks. The common German is living on the street in Germany. Germany issues its own currency, enabling it to achieve zero inflation, stable, and solid currency.
German currency, the Reich Mark is free from manipulation by the international banking cartels. This is perhaps the major reason the world went to World War 2 in 1939. In response, the world boycotted German made goods (Shirer, 2011, 45).
Autarky- this was a policy put in place by the Nazi in 1933. The aim of the policy was self-sufficiency. Under the policy, industries were required to produce what the German population needed rather than what was more profitable. The aim was to make the country debt free (Allen, 1984).
Die Neuordnung  (New Order) - this refers to the formation of an empire in Europe to cement the supremacy of a Nazi German and the Nordic race (Kershaw, 1999).
Entnazifizierung- (denazification) - the allied force used this term to refer to the removal of Nazi philosophy in Germany after WW II (Shirer, 2011).
Fuehrerprinzip- The term describes an absolute leadership principle of the Nazi Party. Conferring to the code, a Fuehrer is subject only to orders from above him in the leadership hierarchy. Hitler being the highest leader in the hierarchy was subject to no questioning (Mitcham, 2000, 67).
Mein Kampf- this was a document printed by the Nazis that contained Hitlers main political aims and views. This was the valid source of the Nazi canon. Through a series of laws and decrees, the Nazi Germany sort to control all spheres of lives. First, they seized the civil service and later the judiciary through legislations (Shirer, 2011). In 1942, Hitler wrote a letter to all judges instructing them on the general guidelines they must follow in dispensing their duties.
MEtallurgische FOrschungsgesellschaft (English: Society for Metallurgical Research, LLC) MEFO- this was a military company with the sole purpose of rearming the German army off the books. By printing more currency off the books, the Hitlerian economy was a triumph. The government inflated the currency off the books. The government knew they had to choose between two options when the payments were due. The options were either to export more goods from the country or go to war and settle the countrys deficit using the loots extracted from a conquered state. This company helped finance the German army during WW II (Kershaw, 1999).
National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei - NAtional soZIalist German Workers Party- was a German party and movement that revolutionised the society in the country. Led by one ultimate truth, the Nazi Germany modelled the society to achieve one goal. At the helm of the system is Adolf Hitler (Friedländer, 1997, 13).
Oeffa- Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten- this was the German office for public workers. The Nazi Regime formed it in 1930 and the office ended up issuing more than 1.26 billion to finance public construction. The Nazi Regime used some of the proceeds on undisclosed activities.
Pan-Germanism- this was an idea popularised by the Nazi that supported the invasion of countries with a sizeable number of people of German ancestry. The idea was that all Germans ought to live in one realm (Evans, 2003, 56).
Reich Mark- this is a currency used in the Nazi German from 1924 to 1948. The division of the currency was Reichspfennig. One unity of the division comprises 100 units. The Nazi Germany survived the Great Depression by turning on the printing press to finance Hitlers jobs programs. The government instituted severe wage and price controls and manipulated foreign interest and credit loan rates to maintain the Nazi model. In 1939, the policies were no longer effective and the regime introduced the Reich Mark without formally renouncing the link to gold (Shirer, 2011).
The Sturmabteilungen and Schutzstaffel- the former is the storm detachment whereas the latter is the protection squad. The Nazi regime used simple and illegal means to silence opponents. Established in 1920, the military units had the responsibility of terrorizing Nazi opponents and protecting government leaders (Allen, 1984). The members of these units had the license to arbitrarily beat and kill anyone they deemed an opponent of the government.
Volksgemeinschaft (English- Volk Community) - guided by authoritarian and racist principles, Hitler developed a society without personal freedoms that transcended class and religion (Friedländer, 1997, 29).
Weimar Constitution- the groups of laws governing the Nazi Germany during Halters rein (Mitcham, 2000).
Italian Fascism Glossary
The Italian Fascism began on October 28 in 1992 when 300,000 Black-shirts seized the Italian state. However, on July 25 1943, the grand council of fascism succeeded in its mission to remove Benito Mussolini from the position of the leader of the government. This marked the end of the famous Fascism. The special events that took place during these dates can be accounted. The elucidation of whatever happened is much more obscure, but research has confirmed that Mussolini publicized Fascism as a special arrangement of thoughts and events (Macdonald, 1999, 17).
Africa Orientale Italiano: (English- Italian in East Africa). It was a colony controlled by the Italian Empire and composed of Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. The Italians founded the colonies on the first day of June in 1936 after the invasion and conquer of Ethiopia. The three colonies merged into a solitary colony. However, in 1940, the Italian East Africa took over Somali, a former British colony (Whittam, 1995, 65).
The Generale Italia Azienda Petroli or simply the general Petroleum Company of Italy was a joint-stock Italian Company opened by the Italian Fascist government in 1926. The company integrated many petroleum companies around Italy and her colonies (Grand, 2000).
Duce dux: meaning a leader; refers to the various positions held by Mussolini over the fascist movement in Italy. Mussolini adopted this title in 1925 after he became the new Italian government leader. In the same year, a former Fascist icon of Italy named Sarfatti Margherita, wrote a book titled Dux Libro, in honour of Mussolini (Berezin, 1997). The term, Dux Libro also means leader.
Era Fascista: meaning the fascist era refers to the rule of the Fascist movement in Italy, between 1922 and 1945. The term, coined in 1927, was an alternative to the conventional Roman calendar for Christians, but the Christians used it more often, alongside their Christian yearly calendar (Falasca-Zamponi, 2000, 102).
Eritrea Italia: refers to the Eritrean colony under the control of the Italian Fascism, between some point in the 1800s and 1936. It later merged together with the other colonies in East Africa, including Ethiopia and Somalia, already within the Italian sub-Empire in East Africa (Grand, 2000).
Fasci Italiani di Combattimento was a group of Italian combat men and women formed in 1919 (Oxford University Press, 2013, 35). The general Fascist Party replaced the league of combat in 1921. The Italian women later formed their own State-run Fascist party group, referred as the Fascio Femminili.
Giovinezza; was the authorized hymn for the Fascist Party of Italy. The Fascist regime used the hymn all along its reign, and the army adopted it as well. Giovinezza became the unofficial Italian national anthem from 1924 to 1943 (Whittam, 1995).
Governatorato di Dalmazia: this term referred to the Italian province formed after the invasion of the Yugoslav territories in April 1941.
Empero Italiano: the Italian Fascists officially adopted the term meaning Italian Empire, in 1936 following the second Italy-Abyssinian battle. The war was conducted against Italy and its colonial states. Before then, this term was unofficially used (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Italia Fascista: under the rule of fascism, this term was used by both Italian Fascists and non-Fascists from 1922 to 1945 (Falasca-Zamponi, 2000, 48). The term applied during the regime of the two states that made up the Fascist Italy, the Kingdom of Italy (1922-1943) and the Social Republic of Italy (1943-1945).
Libia Italiana referred to the Libyan colony. Coined in 1938, the term meant Italian Libya, a Libyan colony ruled by the Italian Emperor. Fascist Italy converted the Libyan Mediterranean shores of Libya into Italian provinces as opposed to the prior colonial provinces. Italians were to inhabit the provinces in Libya (Falasca-Zamponi, 2000).
Marcia su Roma implied the Italian March on Rome. The coining of the term took place in 1922 when the Italian Fascists marched on Rome, after which the Fascists regime appointed Mussolini as the Italian Prime Minister in the same year (Berezin, 1997, 33).
Regno dItalia: meaning the Italian Kingdom was the Italian state found in 1861 and reigned through 1946. The kingdom held the whole Italian Peninsula, and Regno dItalia served as the first Fascist Italy manifestation from 1922. During the same year, King Emmanuel Victor III appointed Mussolini as the Italian Prime Minister. Mussolini served in his capacity until 1943, after which King Emmanuel removed him and interdicted the National Fascist Party (Berezin, 1997).
Squardristi: this was another title of the Italian Black shirts. They were paramilitary elites for the Italian Fascists of the time between the closing stages of WWI and WWII. This group initiated in 1923, succeeding the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Berezin, 1997, 81). The Italian Fascists later dissolved the Black shirts in 1943.


 List of References
Allen, W. S., 1984. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922-1945. New York: F. Watts.
Berezin, M., 1997. Making the fascist self: the political culture of interwar Italy. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press
Evans, R. J., 2003. The Coming of the Third Reich. London: Allen Lane.
Falasca-Zamponi, S., 2000. Fascist spectacle: the aesthetics of power in Mussolini's Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Friedländer, S., 1997. Nazi Germany and the Jews. New York: HarperCollins.
Grand, A. J., 2000. Italian fascism: its origins & development. Lincoln; London: University of Nebraska Press.
Kershaw, I., 1999. Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: W.W. Norton.
Macdonald, H., 1999. Mussolini and Italian fascism, Cheltenham: Thornes.
Mitcham, S. W., 2000. Why Hitler? The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport: CT: Praeger.
Oxford University Press, 2013. The Oxford critical and cultural history of modernist magazines. Vol. 3: Europe 1880-1940. Corby: Oxford University Press.
Shirer, W. L., 2011. The rise and fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Whittam, J., 1995. Fascist Italy, Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press.