Allen, P. (n.d.). Choctaw Indian Code Talkers of World War I. Code Talkers of WWI.
This article about the Choctaw Indians code talkers is located on the website belonging to the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. The site does not provide any background information regarding the author, but the article provides a historical overview of the Choctaw Indians who served in WWI. The author is very proud of Choctaw contributions and describes how members of the Indian tribe served the United States in WWI as code talkers even though
they weren’t citizens. The author provides specific examples of how the language was used against the Germans and why the language was so important to keep in practice. Similar to the book entitled, The Choctaw, this article supports my research theory that code talkers did not receive recognition due to the pride of the Choctaw Indians. Although there are other tribes that experienced the same fate, this tribe was the first group of men that deserved the recognition.
Bowes, J. P. (2010) The Choctaw. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. Print.
The Choctaw is part of a series of books written about the history and culture of Native Americans. The author is an assistant professor in the Native American history department at Eastern Kentucky University and has written other books on similar topics. The book describes the background of how the Choctaw were the first “code talkers” in World War I and how they persevered even though the government did not support their sovereign culture. Bowes traces the roots of the Choctaw Indian tribe from their beginnings to present times. In addition, he covers the relationship between the Choctaw people and the United States during the Colonial Times, American Revolution, WWI, and WWII. This book is pertinent to my research topic of code talkers because the Choctaw Indians were the first code talkers in WWI. Their quantity was not large in WWI, but their contribution was priceless. Their actions paved the way for other American Indian Tribes.
Campbell, B. H. (Interviewer) & Brown, J. S., Inhofe, J. M., Keahna, M., Loudner, D.,
Mansfield, G. H., Meadows, W. C., . . . Wolf Guts, C. (Interviewees). (September 22, 2004). Contributions of Native American Code Talkers in American Military History. [Senate Hearing 108-693] Retrieved from U. S. Government Printing Office Web site: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg96125/html/CHRG-108shrg96125.htm
On the 22nd of September 2004, a Senate hearing was held before the committee of Indian Affairs regarding the contributions of Native American code talkers in American Military history. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, US Senator from Colorado, presided over the hearing and heard the testimony from historians, Native American veterans, US Senators, and university professors. They discussed the background, history, and contributions of Native Americans regarding code talkers in the military and gave their testimony supporting the importance of Indians in WWI and WWII. The hearing documented first hand accountings and several requested that code talkers be honored and recognized for their service to the United States. The attendees support the thesis of the research paper on all fronts.
Durrett, D. (1998). Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code
Talkers. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Print.
Durrett is a freelance writer. In this part of the series, she focuses her attention on the Navajo code talkers of WWII. Durrett’s text is very clear to understand and provides a factual accounting of how the code talker program was developed in WWI. She touches on the contributions of the Choctaw in WWI, but more thoroughly details the accountings of the Navajo marines. It encompasses the training of the code talkers, how the code was used in action, and what occurred following the war. My research topic states that American Indian tribes did not receive recognition after the war due to prejudices, pride, and national security. This backs my thesis statement completely and describes how the soldiers integrated themselves back into society. It also provides examples of how various organizations have tried to provide the recognition they deserve.
Hurd, G.A. (Producer), & Red-Horse, V (Director). (2002). True Whispers: The Story
of the Navajo Code Talkers [Motion Picture]. United States: Valhalla Motion
Pictures.
This motion picture contains Navajo code talker interviews along with family members speaking on behalf of their husbands or fathers. It provides a first hand accounting of their experiences, their feelings then and now, and their pride. The videography combined with the music triggered emotions of sympathy for the way their tribe was treated in the late 19th century leading up to World War I and how they were treated after the end of World War II. However, the movie also elicited feelings of pride and astonishment for what they were able to accomplish. 16 Navajo code talkers provided personal viewpoints, which will be used to support my thesis.
Jacoby, K., Shellenbberger, L., & Einterz, Z. (2012). Native Americans: Opposing
Viewpoints Series. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Print.
Opposing Viewpoints is a book that poses various questions on a topic causing authors to debate with factual evidence their opinions. This collection of debates includes topics like discrimination and conflicts between the US and tribal governments. Since there are differing opinions, it allows the reader to obtain a broader view into the topics. Several authors support my thesis and will help provide a deeper understanding of the prejudices.
Jevec, A. (2001). Semper Fidelis, Code Talkers. Prologue Magazine: The U.S. National
Archives and Records Administration, 33 (4).
Adam Levec is a journalist who writes for the Prologue Magazine. The writers who work for the magazine create articles based upon information within the National Archives on various historical documents and events. This article provides a summary of how the Navajo code talker program was initiated in WWII, the initial objections to it, and the eventual successes. It also explains how the Navajo code talkers were eventually recognized for their contributions to the war 24 years later. This article is valuable to my research topic because it not only provides detailed information regarding the code talker program, but also touches on why it was held in secrecy for so long following the war.
Nez, C., & Avila, J. S. (2011). Code Talker. New York, NY: Penguin Group. Print.
Chester Nez was one of the first Navajo code talkers of WWI and was the last survivor of the original 29. He passed away on June 4, 2014, but not before he documented his memoirs with Judith Avila. Judith is a code talker scholar, gives presentations on this topic throughout New Mexico, and conducted 80 hours of interviews with Chester and his son. This is his personal accountings and experiences from the 1920s through January 2011. It provides a first hand account of how proud Chester Nez and his fellow tribesmen supported the United States in times of great need.
Rosier, P. C. (2009) Serving their Country: American Indian Politics and Patriotism in
the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Print.
The author is an Associate Professor of History at Villanova University and was also the series editor for the volume of books covering the history and culture of Native Americans. He defends Native Indians and their place in American history. He paints the picture that American Indians were patriotic to the US both at home and abroad regardless of how they had been treated for many years. He provides sound evidence that American Indian tribes had to endeavor prejudices even more terrible than other ethic groups.
Wahahrockah-Tasi, P. (Producer). (2013, November 28). Code of Honor - Comanche
Code Talkers of WWII [Television Broadcast]. Lawton, OK: Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center
The Comanche people are striving to preserve their history and culture as well as honor past accomplishments. The Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center run by director Phyllis Wahahrockah-Tasi created a television program to honor the Comanche code talkers of WWII. Although they served in WWI, their greatest contribution was in WWII during the invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Battle of the Bulge, and other campaigns. The program includes interviews, WWII video footage, and an actual code talker conversation. The Comanche code talkers that served in the Army were very proud that they supported the United States and did not expect recognition.
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