The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1700–1800)
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Results of the quiz.
1. Who were the physiocrats?
* CORRECT: French thinkers who focused on economics
EXPLANATION: The physiocrats claimed that their ideas about economic reforms were based on the natural laws of economics.
2. According to laissez-faire economist Adam Smith, a government should
* CORRECT: let free market forces drive the economy.
EXPLANATION: In The Wealth of Nations, Smith tried to show how manufacturing, trade, wages, profits, and economic growth were all linked to the market forces of supply and demand.
3. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy of
* CORRECT: laissez faire.
EXPLANATION: Physiocrats urged a policy of laissez faire, allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.
4. How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs differ from many Enlightenment thinkers?
* CORRECT: Rousseau believed the good of the community as a whole was most important.
EXPLANATION: Rousseau believed in the "general will" or best conscience of the people, and that community should be placed above individual interests.
5. Which phrase best describes the concept of natural law?
* CORRECT: rules discoverable by reason
EXPLANATION: Natural law, or rules discoverable by reason, govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism.
6. Which term describes the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge?
* CORRECT: philosophy
EXPLANATION: Philosophy, is the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge.
7. What event revolutionized thinking and led to the Enlightenment?
* CORRECT: the Scientific Revolution
EXPLANATION: The scientific discoveries of the 1500s and 1600s led Europeans to believe in the power of reason. Science was transforming how people looked at the world.
8. Who is the author of Leviathan?
* CORRECT: Thomas Hobbes
EXPLANATION: Thomas Hobbes outlined his ideas in a work titled Leviathan.
9. "My trade is to say what I think." Who said this?
* CORRECT: Voltaire
EXPLANATION: Voltaire, probably the most famous of the philosophes, used biting wit to expose the abuses of his day.
10. Who described the era of the 1700s as "enlightened"?
* CORRECT: Immanuel Kant
EXPLANATION: The German philosopher Immanuel Kant, author of Critique of Pure Reason, was one of the first to describe his times as "enlightened."
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